Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2021; 98: 648-656
Формирование специфического иммунитета у лабораторных животных после одновременной вакцинации против сезонного гриппа и COVID-19
https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-183Аннотация
Введение. Клиническая дифференциальная диагностика COVID-19 может быть затруднительна в случае совпадения с сезоном гриппа, что, в свою очередь, может приводить к несвоевременности принятия необходимых мер для борьбы с пандемией SARS-CoV-2. Существует также проблема сопутствующего SARSCoV-2 инфицирования вирусом гриппа (ВГ), что значительно утяжеляет течение COVID-19. Целью настоящей работы было изучение взаимного влияния одновременной иммунизации отечественными вакцинами для профилактики гриппа и COVID-19 на формирование специфического иммунитета лабораторных животных.
Материалы и методы. В исследовании использовали мышей линии BALB/c. Иммунизацию животных проводили внутримышечно вакциной для профилактики COVID-19 (КовиВак) и вакциной для профилактики гриппа (Флю-М). Сыворотки иммунизированных животных исследовали индивидуально. Реакцию торможения гемагглютинации проводили с тремя штаммами ВГ. Антитела (АТ) к SARS-CoV-2 определяли при помощи иммуноферментного анализа. Для выявления вируснейтрализующих АТ к SARS-CoV-2 и к ВГ проводили реакцию нейтрализации.
Результаты. Обнаружены достаточно высокие титры специфических АТ в группах животных, привитых как одной, так и двумя вакцинами одновременно. В группах животных, привитых КовиВак и двумя вакцинами одновременно, как в иммуноферментном анализе, так и в реакции нейтрализации средние показатели специфических АТ к SARS-CoV-2 статистически не различались. В группе животных, привитых одновременно двумя вакцинами, обнаружены статистически более высокие титры АТ к ВГ после второй иммунизации относительно группы животных, привитых Флю-М.
Обсуждение. Продемонстрировано формирование поствакцинального иммунитета как к ВГ, так и к SARSCoV-2 после одновременной иммунизации двумя вакцинами. Обнаруженное усиление поствакцинально- го иммунного ответа к ВГ у лабораторных животных, привитых двумя вакцинами одновременно, требует дальнейшего изучения.
Заключение. Проведённые исследования позволяют предположить возможность одновременной вакцинации для профилактики гриппа и COVID-19.
Список литературы
1. Li Q., Tang B., Bragazzi N.L., Xiao Y., Wu J. Modeling the impact of mass influenza vaccination and public health interventions on COVID-19 epidemics with limited detection capability. Math. Biosci. 2020; 325: 108378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108378
2. Grohskopf L.A., Alyanak E., Broder K.R., Blanton L.H., Fry A.M., Jernigan D.B., et al. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices – United States, 2020-21 Influenza Season. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 2020; 69(8): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6908a1
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10. Stowe J., Tessier E., Zhao H., Guy R., Muller-Pebody B., Zambon M., et al. Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, and the impact of coinfection on disease severity: a test-negative design. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2021; 50(4): 1124–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab081
11. Bao L., Deng W., Qi F., Lv Qi., Song Zh., Liu J., et al. Sequential infection with H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 aggravated COVID-19 pathogenesis in a mammalian model, and co-vaccination as an effective method of prevention of COVID-19 and influenza. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2021; 6(1): 200. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00618-z
12. WHO. Global Influenza Surveillance Network. Manual for the Laboratory Diagnosisand Virological Surveillance of Influenza. Geneva; 2011. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44518/9789241548090_eng.pdf
13. Shanko А., Shuklina M., Kovaleva A., Zabrodskaya Y., Vidyaeva I., Shaldzhya A., et al. Comparative immunological study in mice of inactivated influenza vaccines used in the Russian immunization program. Vaccines. 2020; 8(4): 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040756
14. Ye H., Jia S., Zhang Y., Li J., Zhu F. Safety and immunogenicity of a novel quadrivalent subunit influenza vaccine in animal models. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2020; 16(11): 2719–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1737456
15. Privor-Dumm L.A., Poland G.A., Barratt J., Durrheim D.N., Knoll M.D., Vasudevan P., et al. A global agenda for older adult immunization in the COVID-19 era: A roadmap for action. Vaccine. 2021; 39(37): 5240–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.082
Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology. 2021; 98: 648-656
Development of specific immunity in laboratory animals after co-immunization against seasonal influenza and COVID-19
https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-183Abstract
Introduction. In clinical practice, the differential diagnosis of COVID-19 can be challenging during the flu season, entailing serious consequences such as delays in appropriate control measures against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Another problem is posed by co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus (IV), which significantly contributes to the severity of the COVID-19 disease. This study was aimed to explore the cross-impact of co-administration of Russian influenza and COVID-19 vaccines on development of specific immunity in laboratory animals.
Materials and methods. The study was conducted on BALB/c mice. The animals were inoculated intramuscularly with the vaccine for COVID-19 prevention (CoviVac) and the vaccine for influenza prevention (Flu-M). The sera from the immunized animals were examined separately. Three IV strains were used in the hemagglutination inhibition assay. Antibodies (Abs) against SARS-CoV-2 were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The neutralization test was performed to detect virus neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and IV.
Results. Relatively high titers of specific Abs were found in the groups of animals inoculated with one vaccine and with two vaccines concurrently. In the groups of animals inoculated with CoviVac and with two vaccines concurrently, both in the ELISA test and in the neutralization test, the average titers of specific Abs against SARSCoV- 2 did not demonstrate any statistical difference. The group of animals inoculated concurrently with two vaccines demonstrated statistically higher titers of Abs against IV after the second immunization compared to the group of animals inoculated with Flu-M.
Discussion. The study has shown that post-vaccination immunity both to IV and to SARS-CoV-2 develops after co-vaccination with two vaccines. The observed enhanced post-vaccination immune response to IV in the coimmunized laboratory animals needs further research.
Conclusion. The performed studies suggest the possibility of co-administration of two vaccines to prevent influenza and COVID-19.
References
1. Li Q., Tang B., Bragazzi N.L., Xiao Y., Wu J. Modeling the impact of mass influenza vaccination and public health interventions on COVID-19 epidemics with limited detection capability. Math. Biosci. 2020; 325: 108378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108378
2. Grohskopf L.A., Alyanak E., Broder K.R., Blanton L.H., Fry A.M., Jernigan D.B., et al. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices – United States, 2020-21 Influenza Season. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 2020; 69(8): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6908a1
3. Del Riccio M., Lorini C., Bonaccorsi G., Paget J., Caini S. The association between influenza vaccination and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe illness, and death: A systematic review of the literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020; 17(21): 7870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217870
4. Schlagenhauf P. Influenza vaccine enlisted to prevent SARS confusion. Lancet. 2003; 362(9386): 809. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14301-2
5. Belingheri M., Paladino M.E., Latocca R., De Vito G., Riva M.A. Association between seasonal flu vaccination and COVID-19 among healthcare workers. Occup. Med. (Lond.). 2020; 70(9): 665–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa197
6. Wolff G.G. Influenza vaccination and respiratory virus interference among department of defense personnel during the 2017-2018 influenza season. Vaccine. 2020; 38(2): 350–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.005
7. Cocco P., Meloni F., Coratza A., Schirru D., Campagna M., De Matteis S. Vaccination against seasonal influenza and socio-economic and environmental factors as determinants of the geographic variation of COVID-19 incidence and mortality in the Italian elderly. Prev. Med. 2021; 143: 106351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106351
8. Skowronski D.M., Zou M., Clarke Q., Chambers C., Dickinson J.A., Sabaiduc S., et al. Influenza vaccine does not increase the risk of coronavirus or other noninfluenza respiratory viruses: retrospective analysis from Canada, 2010–2011 to 2016–2017. CID. 2020; 71(16): 2285–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa626
9. Lai C.C., Wang C.Y., Hsueh P.R. Co-infections among patients with COVID-19: The need for combination therapy with nonanti-SARS-CoV-2 agents? J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2020; 53(4): 505–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.05.013
10. Stowe J., Tessier E., Zhao H., Guy R., Muller-Pebody B., Zambon M., et al. Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, and the impact of coinfection on disease severity: a test-negative design. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2021; 50(4): 1124–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab081
11. Bao L., Deng W., Qi F., Lv Qi., Song Zh., Liu J., et al. Sequential infection with H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 aggravated COVID-19 pathogenesis in a mammalian model, and co-vaccination as an effective method of prevention of COVID-19 and influenza. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2021; 6(1): 200. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00618-z
12. WHO. Global Influenza Surveillance Network. Manual for the Laboratory Diagnosisand Virological Surveillance of Influenza. Geneva; 2011. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44518/9789241548090_eng.pdf
13. Shanko A., Shuklina M., Kovaleva A., Zabrodskaya Y., Vidyaeva I., Shaldzhya A., et al. Comparative immunological study in mice of inactivated influenza vaccines used in the Russian immunization program. Vaccines. 2020; 8(4): 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040756
14. Ye H., Jia S., Zhang Y., Li J., Zhu F. Safety and immunogenicity of a novel quadrivalent subunit influenza vaccine in animal models. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2020; 16(11): 2719–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1737456
15. Privor-Dumm L.A., Poland G.A., Barratt J., Durrheim D.N., Knoll M.D., Vasudevan P., et al. A global agenda for older adult immunization in the COVID-19 era: A roadmap for action. Vaccine. 2021; 39(37): 5240–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.082
