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Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии.

Молекулярные детерминанты резистентности Salmonella enterica к антибиотикам

Павлова А. С., Бочарова Ю. А., Кулешов К. В., Подколзин А. Т., Чеботарь И. В.

https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-140

Аннотация

Нетифоидные штаммы Salmonella enterica представляют большую опасность для здоровья человека. Проблема сальмонеллёзов осложняется прогрессирующим распространением нечувствительности к антибиотикам среди клинических и сельскохозяйственных штаммов S. enterica. Настоящий обзор литературы обобщает современные сведения о механизмах устойчивости S. enterica к антибиотикам и иллюстрирует многообразие и сложность молекулярных систем, обеспечивающих антибиотикорезистентность (АР) у S. enterica. Описан спектр природной резистентности и тщательно охарактеризованы адаптивные (приобретённые) механизмы устойчивости к представителям основных классов антибиотиков, включая β-лактамы, фторхинолоны, аминогликозиды, тетрациклины, нитрофураны, сульфонамиды, фосфомицин, хлорамфеникол (левомицетин) и полимиксины (колистин). Перечислены генетические детерминанты резистентности, передающиеся горизонтальным путём. В обзоре проанализированы только те варианты молекулярных механизмов АР, клиническая значимость которых была доказана комплексом корректных генетических (секвенирование) и биохимических (подтверждение спектра гидролизируемых β-лактамов) исследований. Описаны общие характеристики устойчивости к антибиотикам у нетифоидных сальмонелл. У многих штаммов S. enterica наблюдаются сочетание различных механизмов АР и множественная резистентность. Поднят вопрос о неоднородности распространения резистентности среди различных групп/серотипов внутри вида S. enterica. В частности, некоторые клональные комплексы с признаками резистентности оказываются более успешными патогенами человека и животных. Сальмонеллы, как и большинство других бактерий, демонстрируют неканонический вид устойчивости к антибиотикам — биоплёночную резистентность, которая реализуется за счёт нескольких механизмов, главными из которых являются фильтрующая/сорбционная способность биоплёночного матрикса и трансформация биоплёночных клеток в дормантные и персистирующие формы.

Несмотря на то что функциональная значимость молекулярных ансамблей, определяющих устойчивость к антибиотикам, однотипна для всех энтеробактерий, конкретизация механизмов резистентности у сальмонелл является необходимым звеном для разработки молекулярно-диагностических систем оценки чувствительности сальмонелл к антимикробным препаратам. 

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Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology.

Molecular determinants of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica antibiotic resistance

Pavlova A. S., Bocharova Yu. A., Kuleshov K. V., Podkolzin A. T., Chebotar I. V.

https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-140

Abstract

Nontyphoid strains of Salmonella enterica pose a great threat to human health. The problem of salmonellosis is aggravated compounded by the progressive spread of antibiotic resistance among clinical and agricultural strains of S. enterica. This literature review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in S. enterica and illustrates the diversity and complexity of molecular systems providing antibiotic resistance. The spectrum of natural resistance is described and the adaptive (acquired) mechanisms of resistance to representatives of the main classes of antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, nitrofurans, sulfonamides, fosfomycin and chloramphenicol, are thoroughly characterized. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of the molecular genetic mechanisms of S. enterica resistance to representatives of the most important classes of antibiotics — β-lactams, and to reserve antibiotics — polymyxins (colistin). Genetic determinants of resistance, transmitted by a horizontal path route are also described. The review analyzes only those variants of the molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance where the clinical significance has been proven by a set of correct genetic (sequencing) and biochemical (confirmation of the spectrum of hydrolyzed β-lactams) studies. The main ways of regulating the expression of antibiotic resistance are also described. Many S. enterica strains exhibit a combination of different mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and have a multiple resistance. The question was raised about the heterogeneity of the distribution of resistance among different groups/serotypes within the S. enterica species. In particular, some clonal complexes with signs of resistance are more successful pathogens in humans and animals. Salmonella, like most other bacteria, exhibit a non-canonical type of antibiotic resistance — biofilm resistance, which is realized through several mechanisms, the main of which are the filtering/sorption capacity of the biofilm matrix and the transformation of biofilm cells into dormant and persistent forms.

Despite the fact that the functional significance of the molecular assemblies that determine antibiotic resistance is the same for all enterobacteria, the specification of the mechanisms of resistance in Salmonella is a necessary link for the development of molecular diagnostic systems for assessing the sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs. 

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